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Home > Conditions & Concerns  > Diagnostic Tests >  Routine  Urine Examination

Routine Urine Examination 

Microscopic Examinations

1. Pus Cells

	Normally Two to three pus cells are present in HPF. (high power field of microscope).
	If more than 5 it indicates urinary tract infection or non infectious condition such as fever, stress, dehydration irritation to urethra, bladder or urethra

Various Examinations

 
Physical
    Examination

Chemical
    Examination

Microscopic
    Examination   

2. Epithelial cells 

	Normally two to three present in males.
	Normally two to five present in females.
	More than five epithelial cells per HPF indicates tubular damage, pyelonephritis or kidney transplant rejection.

3. Casts 

	Normally absent.
	There are Hyaline cysts, red cell cysts,  white cell cysts, granular cysts, waxy cysts,  and fatty cysts.   They are present due to kidney disorders.
	Occasional Hyaline cysts may be present  due to physical exercise and physiological dehydration.
	Granular cysts may be present after strenuous exercise for a short duration.

4. Amorphous Material

	Amorphous urates of sodium, potassium  or calcium are present normally.
	Amorphous phosphates of calcium and  magnesium are present normally.

5. Crystals

	Uric acid, calcium sulphate, calcium oxalate  and ammonium magnesium phosphate  (triple phosphate) crystals are indicative  of the presence of kidney stones.
	Hippuric acid, calcium carbonate, ammonium biurate and calcium phosphate crystals  are non-significant
	Following crystals, found in acidic urine  indicate abnormal metabolism -- cystine, cholesterol, leucine, tyrosine, bilirubin, hematoidin and sulphonamides.

6. Bacteria 

	Normally absent.
	If present indicates infection.

7. Yeast cells  

	Normally absent.
	May be present in acidic urine containing sugar.

8. Parasites 

	Normally absent.
	If present, they are Trichomonas Vaginalis (from vagina) or Trichononas Hominis (from rectum).

Diabetes inspidus

It is disorder due to hormonal imbalance.  Kidneys become overactive and a person urinates excessively.  A person has a raging thirst and an increased appetite. 

Diabetes mellitus

It is a disorder in which the body cannot make use of sugars and starches in a normal way. 

Peritonitis

It is inflammation of the peritoneum -- the membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the abdominal organs. 

Pyelonephritis

It is an inflammation of the kidney and the renal pelvis (the hollow cone into which urine flows from the kidney.) 

Endocrine glands

It is a ductless body organ which produces hormones.  These hormones affect and help control various other organs. 

Occult blood

"Occult" means hidden.  Here blood is present in very minute traces. It is not visible to the naked eyes.