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Physical & Chemical Examination

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A sufficient quantity of the morning specimen (5–6ml) is collected in a dry container and given to a pathological lab for examination.

Physical Examination
A) Consistency: Normal consistency – well formed.

Abnormal Consistency Expected Reasons
Pale, bulky, frothy Poor fat digestion.
Hard Constipation.
Flattened and ribbon like Obstruction in the lumen of the bowel.
Semisolid Digestive upset, mild diarrhea or after taking a laxative.
Watery Bacterial infection or after taking a purgative.
Rice water stools Cholera.

B) Color: Normal color – light to dark brown (due to the presence of bile pigments)

Abnormal Color Possible Reasons
Black Bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract, or iron administration in a deficiency like anemia.
Bright red Bleeding piles, bleeding at the lower level of the gastrointestinal tract or contamination with menstrual blood.
Fresh blood, mucous clay colored Amoebic dysentery, jaundice or obstruction to the flow of bile to the intestine.
White After barium meal given for X–rays.

Hook worm egg Hook worm egg
C) Presence of adult worms or their parts like:
  • Round worms.
  • Pin worms.
  • Whip worms.
  • Hook worms.
  • Tape worms.
Chemical Examination
Normal stools are slightly acidic, slightly alkaline or neutral. The pH values range from 5.8 to 7.5.
  1. Strongly acidic stool (pH below 5.5) indicates an excess of carbohydrates in the diet. It is non–pathologic. But, if fermentation is present, it may be due to lactose intolerance. Then, it is pathologic.
  2. Strongly alkaline stool (pH above 7.5) indicates an excess of protein in the diet. It is non–pathologic.
  3. Occult blood: Generally it is not present. If there, it indicates either infection or some disorder of the digestive system.
  4. Reducing substances: They are generally found in stools of infants suffering from diarrhea.

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Diagnostic Tests

  • Routine Urine Examination
  • Hormonal Assays
  • Renal Profile Tests
  • Diabetic Profile Tests
  • Special Blood Tests
  • Microscopic Examination of Feces
  • Physical & Chemical Examination
  • Hematological Tests

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